{"id":161713,"date":"2026-01-21T06:00:04","date_gmt":"2026-01-21T06:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yachtingworld.com\/?p=161713"},"modified":"2026-01-21T06:00:11","modified_gmt":"2026-01-21T06:00:11","slug":"using-celestial-navigation-to-sail-the-atlantic-we-are-at-the-whims-of-the-seas-invisible-forces","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yachtingworld.com\/features\/using-celestial-navigation-to-sail-the-atlantic-we-are-at-the-whims-of-the-seas-invisible-forces-161713","title":{"rendered":"Using Celestial Navigation to Sail the Atlantic: \u2018We are at the whims of the sea\u2019s invisible forces\u2019"},"content":"It\u2019s early morning on 25 June, and last night was tough. The wind peaked at 32 knots and up on deck the mood was a little sombre. Down in the galley area was the A4 gennaker, soaking wet after being recovered from the sea.\r\n\r\nThe heavy air sail had burst its zippers before it was on the halyard lock, filling prematurely and loading the halyard. As the on-watch crew tried to winch it up the final metre, the halyard snapped. After I\u2019d shouted for assistance, the soggy sail was recovered back on board, but was in two pieces.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159806\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]\"Modern Modern sails and classic lines make Hound a fast all-rounder. Photo: Nicholas Horbaczewski[\/caption]\r\n\r\nI ran the tapes to see if it was repairable, but sadly the A4 was done. I glanced at the nav computer, we needed that sail to stay with the fleet riding the slow-moving front on the longer easterly route. Without it, we\u2019d fall off the front and into the light winds behind it. We needed a revised strategy.\r\n\r\nEd Cesare and I share the navigating duties on Hound, a beautiful 1970s Aage Nielsen sloop. Built by the renowned Abeking-Rasmussen shipyard, Hound is a poster child for a bygone era of yacht design with her varnished toerails and elegant overhangs.\r\n

Sailing the Transatlantic Race: Race-winning upgrades<\/h2>\r\nHound is owned and skippered by Dan Litchfield, who acquired the yacht in 2020. Together with Tom Stark, Hound\u2019s boat captain, he has overseen a series of race-winning upgrades, including a new, taller carbon mast, a bowsprit and a new North Sail inventory that looks to exploit some of the gaps in her performance polar.\r\n\r\nNot just the prettiest boat on the dock, Hound\u2019s classic design now masks an exceptional all-round performance, with no notable performance weakness despite her 25 ton displacement.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159809\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]\"Silky Silky smooth sailing and dolphins for company. Photo: Nicholas Horbaczewski[\/caption]\r\n\r\nMid-Atlantic, we quickly ran a new route on Expedition with the latest ECMWF model forecast and it showed the northern route was just a few hours slower than the eastern option. It would put us closer to the \u2018great circle\u2019 route and keep us in the stronger north-westerly winds behind the front.\r\n\r\nAfter the A4 sail damage, a noticeably shaken watch had hoisted the jib-top and we were now reaching into an increasingly building sea state. As our watch came back on deck, the decision was already made to put the smaller fractional A3 gennaker up and get ripping along again.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159810\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]\"A A chance to relax in light airs. Photo: Nicholas Horbaczewski[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIt\u2019s never an easy decision to split from the fleet, but all three of the yachts ahead of us in our class were lighter, more powerful downwind flyers and would likely stay ahead of the front in fresh south-westerly winds. Ed and I thought it unlikely we could keep up and, once that was clear, Dan made the quick decision to back ourselves on the northern route.\r\n\r\nArticle continues below...<\/em>\r\n\r\n[collection]\r\n

Dodging windmillls<\/h2>\r\nThe RORC Transatlantic Race takes the fleet from Newport, Rhode Island, to Cowes, UK \u2013 a month before the centenary edition of the Rolex Fastnet Race (for which I would also be navigating on Hound).\r\n\r\nThe Transatlantic started at 1300 EDT on 18 June with the line shrouded in thick fog. It was just possible to make out the Castle Hill lighthouse, which marked one end. We had a great start and spent the first night sailing right through the middle of the partially constructed Vineyard Wind Farm (the first commercial wind farm in the US).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159805\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]\"Hound Hound didn\u2019t win the RORC Transatlantic Race, but Conrad Humphreys still found the adventure was an enlightening experience. Photo: Nicholas Horbaczewski[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWe weren\u2019t the only ones to sail right through the middle of the farm, and I soon heard another former Global Challenge skipper and great friend Dee Caffari on the radio, talking to the wind farm operator, who seemed bemused as to why we\u2019d knowingly sail through a wind farm in thick fog.\r\n\r\nLike Dee, we had sight on both radar and AIS of the 62 giant turbines that were spaced one mile apart. Unknown to both of us was the fact that many were not yet in operation and not on AIS!\r\n\r\nOnce safely through we set about crossing the Nantucket Shoals, where the first of two waypoints were set to keep us to the south of the North Atlantic Right Whale area of conservation \u2013 an initiative where science is increasingly being used to help keep sailing boats away from sensitive whaling conservation zones.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159811\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]\"Humphreys Humphreys studies the weather. Photo: Nicholas Horbaczewski[\/caption]\r\n\r\nFrom Nantucket, we began a 1,200-mile drag race to the southern ice limit waypoint Alpha. Having watched fellow IRC competitor Moana extend a little in the early stages of the leg, sailing in the north with better pressure closer to the ice limit, we opted to also leave any favourable Gulf Stream early and look for better pressure.\r\n\r\nAs the high pressure took hold, Moana and the two other class leaders (Haspa Hamburg and Ikigai) found themselves in the centre of the high, so we made some really good gains around the outside with a track along the ice limit. By the time we reached Point Alpha we were back leading our class in IRC.\r\n

Route choices<\/h2>\r\nOn Hound, we sail with two watches, with Ed and I sharing the navigation duties. Using Starlink, we can grab regular GRIB weather files (ECMWF and GFS global models), satellite imagery, synoptic charts and some local observations (normally from buoys or other ships) We would then run the models using Expedition and colour code our routes, before spending time doing some analysis, based on our actual observed conditions.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159812\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]\"Straight Straight from the oven. Photo: Nicholas Horbaczewski[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWe\u2019d also run some routes for our competitors, which are tracked via Yellowbrick. At Point Alpha there was a nice jet of Gulf Stream current running to the north-east (up to 2.5 knots), but after that the routeing suggested we continue sailing eastward just ahead of a cold front, rather than the more typical great circle course to the north-east.\r\n\r\nThere was a danger with following that route, that unless we could maintain high averages, we might fall off the back of the front.\r\n\r\nEd and I considered that if we couldn\u2019t maintain high speeds, we might be better gybing back onto port towards the rhumb line, so we \u2018forced\u2019 the routeing with an extra mark on the great circle course \u2013 the delta was only three hours, which didn\u2019t seem a lot, considering there was a risk that if we dropped off the front, we\u2019d be forced to gybe north in much lighter winds.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159800\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]\"Original Original 1970s coffee grinder is still in use. Photo: Nicholas Horbaczewski[\/caption]\r\n\r\nSplitting from the fleet was not a decision I wanted to take, albeit we were the slowest of our class and the most likely to drop off the front first.\r\n\r\nWe agreed to push on with our eastward trajectory and look at the next weather update in six hours\u2019 time. The breeze was steady at 20-25 knots and the on-watch decided to set the A4 gennaker. It was moments later that we were back on deck fishing the sail out of the water.\r\n\r\nFor the first few days, confidence built in our revised strategy. With the A3 we were quick and, while the sea state was challenging, we found a mode that was fast. However, our friends in the east were also making good speeds, pointing their bows directly at the UK. We could only hope that the front would overhaul them.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159807\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]\"Modern Modern sails and classic lines make Hound a fast all-rounder. Photo: Nicholas Horbaczewski[\/caption]\r\n

Last chance<\/h2>\r\nTwenty-four hours later our speed slowed as the low pressure moved away and high pressure moved in. A powerful secondary low formed on the trailing edge of the front and this was the killer blow.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159815\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]\"Fresh Fresh Atlantic sailing. Photo: Nicholas Horbaczewski[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIt provided a welcome slingshot for the eastern pack, allowing them to sail fast downwind almost all the way to the western approaches. We faced some headwinds on the northern side of the low, but were too far away to pass under it. This was sadly the nail in our coffin. We could only watch as Moana, Haspa Hamburg and Ikigai disappeared over the horizon and we were left languishing.\r\n\r\nWhat did surprise me, however, was that despite these light downwind conditions Hound was still making good speed. We had a few hours where the wind shut down completely, but in 6 knots of wind we could sail very deep at 130-150\u00b0 TWA with 7 knots boatspeed. Which, for a 25-tonne yacht, was impressive!\r\n\r\nThe sailing was silky smooth and we experienced some of the best sunrises and sunsets of the trip. We were also treated to an awesome display of wildlife with numerous whale and dolphin sightings.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159804\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]\"Drone Drone shot as Hound heads into a sunset. Photo: Nicholas Horbaczewski[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIt was magical sailing and I think we learned a lot about the boat\u2019s performance during that final week that would prove invaluable for the Rolex Fastnet Race later in July.\r\n\r\nAs we closed in on the Isles of Scilly, we got our first glimpses of the infamous Bishop Rock Lighthouse and the low lying island of St Agnes. From there we passed Wolf Rock and finally closed in on the Lizard, passing it on 4 July, to mark our official time for crossing the Atlantic.\r\n\r\nFrom the Lizard to Start Point is my back garden, having spent many wonderful training sessions between Plymouth, Lizard and Start Point as I prepared for the Vend\u00e9e Globe. Plymouth has been home since 1994, so I always feel a great sense of nostalgia arriving back into these waters. Luckily for me, the wind lifted us into the bay, so we passed within a mile of Eddystone Lighthouse.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159802\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]\"Carbon Carbon mast and a bowsprit mean Hound can carry more sail area. Photo: Nicholas Horbaczewski[\/caption]\r\n

Raiding party<\/h2>\r\nWe gybed back onto starboard as the wind continued to back around to the south-west and build. We peeled to the A2 gennaker off Start Point and Tom appeared with the customs flags, a yellow for \u2018Q\u2019 and the Red Ensign. Moments later, a large grey Border Control vessel passed by, I guessed en route to Plymouth.\r\n\r\nBut they paused behind us and then proceeded to launch their RIB, which was aimed straight at our stern wake.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159801\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]\"UK UK Border Force officers climb aboard Hound. Photo: Nicholas Horbaczewski[\/caption]\r\n\r\nI called them up on the radio to ask what their intentions were and to see how we might assist, but before I had a chance to finish the call, they\u2019d rammed the RIB alongside and four border control officers hauled themselves on deck.\r\n\r\nThey then searched the vessel while the person in charge asked a series of questions as to what we were carrying. I was quite surprised \u2013 boarding a yacht while racing under spinnaker at speeds of over 10 knots was dangerous and unnecessary.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159814\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]\"Hound\u2019s Hound\u2019s RORC Transatlantic Race crew. Photo: Nicholas Horbaczewski[\/caption]\r\n\r\nA quick search online would have identified the boat, the American flag and the fact that were racing in the Transatlantic Race. We were also flying a Q flag, which should have indicated we were complying with Customs regulations. Then, having established our credentials they left via the high side of the yacht, almost causing an incident with one of their own team. I was left pretty flabbergasted after the raiding party left.\r\n\r\nThe final run up the Channel was great fun, with winds of 20 knots from the south-west, we gybed in towards Portland Bill and then picked up a favourable wind shift to lay the Needles.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159813\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]\"Humphreys Humphreys takes his turn on the coffee grinder. Photo: Nicholas Horbaczewski[\/caption]\r\n\r\nBy this point it was dark, so my American team mates weren\u2019t able to see the famous rock formation at the entrance to the Solent, but I could sense their excitement as we swept past Hurst Castle with the flood tide and finally crossed the line off Cowes to finish the Transatlantic Race in an elapsed time of 16d 08h 49mins.\r\n\r\nOverall, this was one of my best transatlantic crossings. Hound proved herself a wonderful yacht to race. The sunsets, the wildlife, the banter and the exquisite food made for a fine adventure and I was looking forward to our next race in July, the Rolex Fastnet Race.\r\n\r\n
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","excerpt":{"rendered":"

One foot east, one foot west. I stand on a line inscribed in stone: the Prime Meridian, longitude of zero. This threshold marks a rite of passage for becoming a celestial navigator. It\u2019s April 2023 and I\u2019ve journeyed a long way to the UK for my RYA Yachtmaster Ocean exam, where I\u2019ll be extensively questioned on the South Atlantic passage I sailed the previous year with Vinson of Antarctica, and on the ins and outs of my navigational records. I\u2019d spent six weeks aboard the expedition vessel, first learning the basics of wayfinding by sextant from shore, and then putting it into practice on a 4,000-mile downwind delivery strewn with storms and turbulent seas. I didn\u2019t realise then, but I was embarking on an even bigger journey that would take three years to complete. One year in, I\u2019m warming up by visiting Greenwich Observatory to see first-hand the chronometers of John Harrison, who solved the challenge of determining longitude at sea in the 1700s. As I admire the exquisite pocket watch, I imagine H4 ticking away on a creaking old ship, faithfully telling Greenwich time and keeping the rocks at bay. Nonetheless, the Royal Society was unimpressed by this mechanical solution, and they withheld Harrison\u2019s prize for more than 20 years, believing a more elegant answer lay in calculating the moon\u2019s paths. Today, we navigators consider the moon the least reliable object to take sights of! Beyond the allure of duelling mathematical proofs, I\u2019m fascinated by the earlier timepieces built to time\u2019s variable rhythms. Sundial rings. Tide-watches. A Nocturnal star-clock with an extended pointer to touch time on your skin at night. I want to feel a connection with Greenwich in my bones, so perhaps someday I won\u2019t need a timekeeper to know my longitude. Celestial navigation beckons modern sailors back to a lost romance with ocean voyaging that\u2019s been stifled by a proliferation of technology. We slow down to take in more of our surroundings, and exchange full control for an unfamiliar form of guidance. We form personal relationships with the sun, moon, planets, stars, islands, birds, and winds, who become the protagonists and antagonists of our stories. The art of navigation has the power to change why we voyage in the first place. I reflected back on the past year. How had I arrived at this threshold? I joined the passage on Vinson not because I needed to navigate if the GPS on my Catalina 36 Petrichor failed, but because I felt lost in a larger way. I was experiencing stagnation in my decade-long dream career at a prestigious design firm. In pursuit of impact, I found myself growing out of touch with my own creativity. I sought renewal, and turned to the unruly Southern Ocean to chase mystery, without an end destination in mind. Longitude, Meet Latitude April 2022. The last piece of land receding in the distance is Isla Hornos, marking a notorious Cape where Pacific clasps Atlantic. While there is no line drawn here, I …Continue reading »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":447,"featured_media":161729,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[139,140],"tags":[836,1633],"review_manufacturer":[],"acf":[],"introduction":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yachtingworld.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/161713"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yachtingworld.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yachtingworld.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yachtingworld.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/447"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yachtingworld.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=161713"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.yachtingworld.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/161713\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":161735,"href":"https:\/\/www.yachtingworld.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/161713\/revisions\/161735"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yachtingworld.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/161729"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yachtingworld.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=161713"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yachtingworld.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=161713"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yachtingworld.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=161713"},{"taxonomy":"review_manufacturer","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yachtingworld.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/review_manufacturer?post=161713"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}